New Jerusalem<\/p>\n
Joseph L. Angel<\/p>\n
New Jerusalem is a partially preserved visionary work from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection that describes the architectural plans for an eschatological Jerusalem of enormous size and awesome beauty. The textual remains of the document are mostly concerned with the precise measurements of the city\u2019s structures, including its walls, towers, and gates\u2014and within, its blocks of houses and rows of streets. Some of the fragments mention a new Temple in the midst of the city, as well as the Temple\u2019s vessels, offerings, and rituals. In addition, one mysterious portion of the document mentions a series of powerful kingdoms, as well as Israel\u2019s traditionally hostile neighbors\u2014Edom, Moab, and the children of Ammon\u2014the \u201cland of Babylon,\u201d and the maltreatment of \u201cyour descendants.\u201d This section may speak of Israel\u2019s final battle against the nations and appears to underscore the eschatological framework of the entire composition. From the full collection of fragments it is clear that the original document contained much additional material relating to the plans of the city, but the remains are too sparse to reconstruct the original contents and length of the text with certainty.
\nModeled on the literary scheme of Ezek. 40\u201348, the composition is conceived as a sort of tour, in which an anonymous, presumably otherworldly guide leads a (probably) human seer through the utopian city and temple. Most of the text is presented as the seer\u2019s first-person account of his visions. The presence in the composition of a revelation of a transcendent end-time reality via an otherworldly mediator, as well as the repeated use of visionary terminology (\u201che led me,\u201d \u201che showed me,\u201d \u201cI saw,\u201d etc.), suggests that New Jerusalem may be classified as an apocalypse.<\/p>\n
Authorship and History<\/p>\n
Although nothing in the preserved portions of New Jerusalem rules out the possibility of sectarian authorship, several pieces of evidence suggest that it is not a literary product of the Qumran community. First, New Jerusalem does not contain any of the specifically sectarian terminology or doctrine of the Qumran community. Second, it is written in Aramaic, not Hebrew. In general, Aramaic texts in the Scrolls collection do not contain distinctly sectarian ideas and are often considered by scholars as originating outside of Qumran. Third, certain passages seem to display a pan-Israel rather than a narrowly sectarian perspective (4Q554 2 iii; 11Q18 23 ii 7; 27 1).
\nNew Jerusalem was unknown prior to its discovery in the Dead Sea region several decades ago. Seven extremely fragmentary copies, all in Aramaic, were recovered from 5 of the 11 caves at Qumran (1Q32, 2Q24, 4Q554, 4Q554a, 4Q555, 5Q15, and 11Q18). According to paleographic analysis, all of these manuscripts were copied in the Herodian period (ca. 50 BCE\u201450 CE). However, the date of composition cannot be determined with precision. According to some scholars, analysis of the language used and the absence of pro- or anti-Maccabean ideology supports a date before the middle of the 2nd century BCE. The mention of specific Hellenistic architectural features, such as towers with spiral staircases, implies a date no earlier than the 3rd century BCE. The composition of New Jerusalem in Palestinian Aramaic points to its provenance in the Land of Israel.
\nIt is generally held that New Jerusalem\u2019s ideal vision implies a certain dissatisfaction with the historic Jerusalem Temple establishment. However, the extent and nature of this dissatisfaction is difficult to determine. The document\u2019s focus on the Temple and its rituals, as well as the location of the gate of Levi in the center of the eastern wall of the city, may be seen as indications of the text\u2019s provenance in levitical-priestly circles.
\nAlthough the work shares themes and details with the Temple Scroll (11QTa), the two works display no literary or programmatic relationship. The apparent similarity in the two works between the names of the city and Temple gates may stem from dependence on a common tradition (see comment on 1:11\u20132:10 below).<\/p>\n
Significance<\/p>\n
Time and again, the Hebrew Bible and other ancient Jewish writings depict the restored holy city of the future. The origins of this theme are largely rooted in the deep-seated desire for restoration of the Jewish people\u2019s fortunes after the destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE. The theme persisted in the Second Temple period due to widespread frustration with the less than ideal realities of the Second Temple establishment. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Jewish apocalypses continued to use the motif, as did Rabbinic literature (e.g., B. BB 75b; Eikhah Rab. 1:2). It appears in Christian tradition as well, where anticipation of the new city becomes the pinnacle of a popular strand of eschatological speculation (Rev. 21\u201322). New Jerusalem should be understood within the framework of this complex of traditions.
\nThere are many variations in the expectations for a new Jerusalem, and no tidy line of development links them in a thematic or chronological chain. Literary depictions differ with respect to the anticipated city\u2019s size, shape, and contents; its heavenly or earthly location; and the nature of the time, events, and figures associated with its appearance. Moreover, while some texts expect a restored new Jerusalem bearing some resemblance to the topography and physical features of the historical city, others portray a radically new ideal city of gigantic proportions. The vision of New Jerusalem stands closest to the expectations found in the latter group of texts, which themselves vary widely in detail.
\nAlthough the author closely followed Ezek. 40\u201348, he also modified this material extensively. For example, the utopian city of Ezekiel is a perfect square of 4500 cubits (about 2.3 km) on each side. According to New Jerusalem it is a rectangle measuring 100 by 140 stadia (ca. 21 \u00d7 30 km). While in Ezekiel the measuring rod is six cubits, in New Jerusalem it is seven. Moreover, the location of Ezekiel\u2019s city gates named after the 12 tribes of Israel (48:31\u201334) is adjusted in New Jerusalem, as are the order of the names and the starting point of the description. Since the author wrote in Aramaic, it is clear that he was not attempting to rewrite or replace his Hebrew biblical source. The motives behind such modifications are not entirely clear and continue to provoke scholarly speculation and debate.<\/p>\n
GUIDE TO READING<\/p>\n
The tour depicted in New Jerusalem proceeds from the outside in. It moves from the city walls and its gates to the city blocks, streets, and houses. This conclusion follows from the lengthy text that may be reconstructed by the overlapping fragments of 2Q24, 4Q554, 4Q554a, and 5Q15. From the remains of 11Q18, it appears that the tour continues with the exterior, and finally, the interior of the Temple. However, the fragments of this manuscript cannot be arranged in precise order.
\nThe placement of the eschatological material preserved in 4Q554 2 iii has been the subject of controversy. If the join suggested in Palestine Archaeological Museum photograph 43.589, which appears to be correct, is accepted, the eschatological material would appear in the narrative awkwardly wedged between the description of the new city and the portrayal of the Temple. However, it should be born in mind that the join may be incorrect, and it is possible that the eschatological material belongs elsewhere, like in the introduction or at the very end of the composition.
\nThe following presentation of New Jerusalem does not include many of the smaller and less significant fragments. In cases of overlaps, the text and line numbers of the Cave 4 manuscripts take precedence over those of the other material, and the text and line numbers of 2Q24 4 take precedence over those of 11Q18 20. The inconsistent use of Arabic numerals and spelled-out numbers reflects the respective appearance of ciphers and spelled-out numbers as they appear in the manuscripts.<\/p>\n
SUGGESTED READING<\/p>\n
Antonissen, Hugo. \u201cSome Aspects of New Jerusalem.\u201d In Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour of Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, edited by A. Hilhorst, E. Puech, and E. J. C. Tigchelaar, 239\u201355. Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplement Series 122. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
\nBroshi, Magen. \u201cVisionary Architecture and Town Planning in the Dead Sea Scrolls.\u201d In Time to Prepare the Way in the Wilderness, edited by D. Dimant and L. Schiffman, 9\u201322. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 16. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
\nChyutin, Michael. The New Jerusalem Scroll: A Comprehensive Reconstruction. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement Series 25. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.
\nDiTommaso, Lorenzo. The Dead Sea New Jerusalem Text: Contents and Contexts. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 110. T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005.
\nFrey, J\u00f6rg. \u201cThe New Jerusalem Text in Its Historical and Traditio-Historical Context.\u201d In The Dead Sea Scrolls Fifty Years after Their Discovery: Proceedings of the Jerusalem Congress, July 1997, edited by L. Schiffman, E. Tov, and J. VanderKam, 800\u201316. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Israel Museum, 2000.
\nGarc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, Florentino. \u201cThe Temple Scroll and the New Jerusalem.\u201d In The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, edited by J. VanderKam and P. Flint, 2:431\u201360. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
\nGarc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, Florentino, E. J. C. Tigchelaar, and A. S. van der Woude. \u201c11QNew Jerusalem ar.\u201d In Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11.II: 11Q2\u201318, 11Q20\u201330, 305\u201355. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 23. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
\nPuech, \u00c9mile. \u201cThe Names of the Gates of the New Jerusalem (4Q554).\u201d In Emanuel: Studies in the Hebrew Bible, Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov, edited by S. Paul et al., 379\u201392. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 94. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
\nSchiffman, Lawrence. \u201cJerusalem in the Dead Sea Scrolls.\u201d In The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives, edited by M. Poorthuis and Ch. Safrai, 73\u201388. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996.
\nTigchelaar, Eibert. \u201cThe Imaginal Context of the Visionary of the Aramaic New Jerusalem.\u201d In Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour of Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, edited by A. Hilhorst, E. Puech, and E. J. C. Tigchelaar, 257\u201370. Journal for the Study of Judaism: Supplement Series 122. Leiden: Brill, 2007.<\/p>\n
TRANSLATION<\/p>\n
4Q554 1 i 9\u2013ii 10<\/p>\n
1:9 \u2026]sixtee[n \u2026] 10[\u2026] and all of them are different from 11[\u2026
\nAnd from] the East [corner] that is to the North: 12[And from this corner he measured up to the gate,] thirty-five stadia; and this 13[gate is called the Gate] of Simeon. And from this gate up to the center gate 14[he measured, thirty-five stadia; and] this gate is called the Gate of 15[Levi. And from this gate he measured to the gate to the S]outh, thirty-five stadia; 16[and this gate is called the Gate of Judah. And from] this gate he measured up to the corner 17[that is to the South, thirty-five stadia.
\nAnd] from the corner that is to the West 18[he measured up to the gate, 25 stadia; and this gate is called ] the Gate of Joseph. 19[And from this gate he measured up to the center gate,] 25 [stadi]a; and this 20[gate is called the Gate of Benjamin. And from this ga]te he measured up to the gate, 21[25 stadia; and this gate is called ]the Gate of Reuben. And [from] this [ga]te 22[he measured up to the corner that is to the West, 25 stadia.
\nAnd] from this corner he measured up to 2:1[the gate, thirty-five stadia; and this gate is called the Gaate of Issachar. And from] 2[this gate he measured up to the center gate, thirty-five stadia; and this gate is] 3[called the Gate of Zebulon. And from this gate he measured up to the gate, thirty-five stadia;] 4[and this gate is called the Gate of Gad. And from this gate he measured up to the corner that is] 5[to the North, thirty-five stadia.
\nAnd from this corner he measured up to the gat]e, [2]5 s[tadia; 6and [this gate is called the Gate of D]an. And from [this] gate [he measured up to] 7the center, [25] stadia; [and] th[is gate is ca]ll[ed] the Gate of Napht(ali). From this 8gate he measured up to the gate [\u2026,] 2[5] [sta]dia; and this gate is called 9the Gate of Asher. And he measure[ed from] this [ga]te up to the corner that is to the East, 1025 stadia.<\/p>\n
4Q554 1 ii 11\u201322 (2Q24 i; 5Q15 1 i 1\u20137)<\/p>\n
2:11And he led me to the interior of the city, and he mea[sured the bl]ock[s]: length and width, 1251 rods by 51 square al[l around] (or) 350 cubits 13(plus) 7 on each side. And a peristyle (ran) [a]ll around the block, on the outside of the street (for) 14three rods (or) 21 cubits. Also, he [sh]owed me all the measure[men]ts of the blocks; between one block and another, 15(ran) a street; (its) width, six rods (or) 4[2] [cubit]s.
\nAnd (concerning) the great streets that run 16from East to We[st: \u2026 t]en [rods], (that is) the width of the street or 1770 cubits, (with respect to) 2 of them; but (as for) the th[i]rd, [\u2026] which is to the left of the Temple, he measured, 1818 rods in width (or) [12]6 cubits.
\nAnd the width of 19the streets that run from the Sou[th \u2026 to the North, (with respect to) 2 of them,] 9 [r]ods 20plus 4 cubits each street (or) in cubit[s: \u2026 67; but the center (street), which is the ce]nter of 21the city, he measured its width, [13] rod[s plus one cubit (or) 9]2 [cubits]. 22And all the streets and the city were paved with white stone [\u2026<\/p>\n
4Q554 1 iii; 4Q554a 1\u20132 (5Q15 1 i\u2013ii)<\/p>\n
3:1[\u2026 marble and jasper.]
\n[\u2026 And (concerning) the measurements of the] 2[four-hundred and] eighty [posterns]. The wi[dth of] the posterns, two rods [(or) fourteen cubits] 3[\u2026 Each gate had two doors of stone. The width of each door,] 4[one rod (or) seven cubits.
\nAnd he showed me the measurements of the twelve \u2026 The width of their gates,] 5[rods: three, cubits: twenty-one \u2026 Each gate had two] 6[doors. The width of the doors, rod: one and one half, cubits: ten and one half \u2026] 7[\u2026 On the side of each gate are 2 towers, one on the right and the other one on] 8[the left. (As for) their width and their length, the measurements are the same, rods: five by five, cubits:] 9[thirty-five.
\nAnd the staircase that ascended alongside the inner gate, to the right of the towers, is the same height as] 10[the towers, its width, cubits: five. The towers and the staircases, rods: five by five] 11[and five cubits, (that is) cubits: forty in each direction from the gate.
\nAnd he showed me the measurements of] 12[the gates of the blocks, their widt]h[,] r[od]s: [tw]o[, cubits: fourteen.] 13And the width of [\u2026] their measurements, cubits: [\u2026 And he measured the width of every vestibule,] 14rod[s: 2,] cubits: 14; and its lintel, cubit: one[\u2026 15 \u2026] And he measured the interior of the vestibule, its length, cub[its: 1]3, and its width, cubits: ten[\u2026]
\n16And he led me inside the vestibule; and behold, another vestibule, and a gate beside the inner wall. To the right, 17with the measurements of the exterior gate, its width, cubits: four, its height, cubits: 7; and two rooms. In fron[t of] 18this door an entrance-vestibule, its width, rod: one, cubits: seven; and the length of the entrance, rods: two, cu[bits:] 1914, and its height, rods: two, c[ubits]: 14.
\nAnd the gate opposite the gate, (that is,) open to the interior of the bloc[k] 20(has) the measurements of the exterior gate. And to the left of this entrance he showed me a spiral staircase, its w[idth] 21and its length (are) the same measurement, rods: two by two, cubits: fourteen; and the d[oors opposite the doors (are)] 22the same measurement; and the pillar [within] the space, which the staircase goes all a[ro]und (4Q554a 1\u20132) and up, its wid[th and its length, ] c[ubits: six by six, a square.] And the staircase that [ascends alongside,] its width, cubits: four; round [and up, rods: two, up to the roof.]<\/p>\n
4Q554a 3\u201313 (5Q15 1 ii 6\u201315)<\/p>\n
3[And he brought me to the interior of the block and he showed me there the houses; from one gate] to the other gate: fifteen (that is,) eight from the side to the corner 4[and seven from the corner to the other gate;] (and this is the width and) length of the houses, (their length,) rods: three, (cubits): 21, and their width, 5[rods: two, cubits: 14. And all the rooms are alike; and] their height, rods: two, cubits: 14; their door is in the center, 6[its width, rods: two, cubits: 14. And he measured the width of the house, cubits:] four; length and height, rod: one, cubits: seven.
\n7[Then he showed me the measurements of the houses for dining (?); a hall (?) cubits: nineteen, ] their length and width, cubits: 12. (Each) house 8[(has) twenty-two beds and eleven lattice windows over the couches. And] at their side is the outer gutter.
\n9[And he measured the \u2026 of the window, its height, cubits: two, its width, cubits: \u2026, and its thickness is the width of the wall. The hei]ght of the first one, cubits: 10[\u2026, and (of) the other, cubits: \u2026 Then he measured the edges of the platforms, their length, cubits: nine]teen, and their width, cubits: 11[\u2026 and their height \u2026 they open \u2026] rods: two, cubits: four-12[teen, and their width, cubits: three. And they were ten \u2026 long \u2026 cu]bit: one and a half; and its height inside 13[\u2026] the roof that is over them<\/p>\n
5Q15 Fragment 2<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] windows [\u2026 2 \u2026] all the houses which are inside [\u2026 3 \u2026] each [do]or and the vestibules [\u2026 4 \u2026] the [co]lumns, cubits: twelve [\u2026 5 \u2026] from column to column [\u2026<\/p>\n
4Q554 2 ii<\/p>\n
2:13[\u2026] \u2026 its foundation, width: rods two, cubits 14fourte[e]n, and its height: rods seven, cubits forty-nine. And all of it 15is built in electrum and sapphire and chalcedony, and its laths (are) gold, and its towers (are) one thousand, 16[four-hund]red and [th]irty-two. And their length and their width are the same dimension: 17[\u2026] and their height: rods ten 18[\u2026] 19[\u2026] two 20[\u2026] the doors: cubits 21[\u2026] the doors: cubits 21[\u2026] two to the door 22[\u2026 in every dir]ection, three by three. And the towers extend<\/p>\n
4Q554 Fragment 4<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] a spring [\u2026 2 \u2026] and (?) issued for[th \u2026<\/p>\n
4Q554 2 iii<\/p>\n
3:14[\u2026] 15after it; and the Kingdom of \u2026 [\u2026] 16the Kittim after it. All of them after all of them [\u2026 And kingdoms,] 17other [ones] great and powerful with them [\u2026] 18with them Edom and Moab and the children of Ammon [\u2026] 19of the whole of the land of Babylon, which is not [\u2026] 20and they shall do evil to your descendants until the time when 21with all [\u2026] the kingdom of [\u2026], which shall n[ot \u2026] 22And nations will d[o] with them [\u2026]<\/p>\n
4Q554 Fragment 6 (= J 4, 51\u201354)<\/p>\n
2 \u2026] in number [\u2026 3 \u2026] the kings of the peoples [\u2026 4 \u2026] in their hand [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 6<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] two hundred and eighty cub[its \u2026 2 \u2026 th]ese blocks beside [the] wall [\u2026 3 \u2026] the south \u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 7<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] on all the seed of the children of [\u2026 2 \u2026] who will eat [\u2026 3 \u2026] for them around [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 hundred and fifty [\u2026 5 \u2026] on [\u2026<\/p>\n
2Q24 Fragment 3<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] one [\u2026 2 \u2026 and] he measured up to [the] door of sapph[ire \u2026 3 \u2026] the t[able] which is before [the LORD \u2026 4 \u2026] the wall [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 8<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] pure [gold], all of it; i[ts] four legs [\u2026 2 \u2026] i[ts] width, one cubit. And the twel[ve \u2026 3 \u2026] the [tab]le, and they had placed the bread on it [\u2026 4 \u2026] the width of the door and [\u2026] height [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 9<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] around the upper room [\u2026 2 \u2026] cubits. Seven columns \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026 their length and] their [wid]th are six by six cubits [\u2026 4 \u2026] and a structure built on it \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] and all this structure \u2026 [\u2026 6 \u2026] the Temple and \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 10<\/p>\n
1:1 \u2026] \u2026 living water 2 \u2026] \u2026 this [\u2026] of pure gold 3 \u2026] \u2026 water from 4[\u2026] 5 \u2026] \u2026 all their stones<\/p>\n
6 \u2026] \u2026 overlaid with gold 7 \u2026] \u2026 and te[n]<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 11<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] its four [\u2026] were f[our] cubits high [\u2026 2 \u2026] the [\u2026] near the wall which surrounds [\u2026 3 \u2026 its width,] two [cubit]s, and its height, tw[o] cubits [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 all of it is pure gold \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] 6 \u2026] \u2026 columns, turning from door to d[oor \u2026 7 \u2026] from door to door in the city wall [\u2026 8 \u2026] \u2026 with panels \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 12<\/p>\n
1:1 \u2026] \u2026 from these and the sieves which 2 \u2026] \u2026 dedicated and on the tithes 3 \u2026] \u2026 dedicated and arranged 4[\u2026] 5 \u2026] each side, west 6 \u2026] \u2026 the wall 7 \u2026] \u2026 [\u2026 8 \u2026] at the right side.<\/p>\n
2Q24 Fragment 8<\/p>\n
2 \u2026 t]en. The fou[rth] row [\u2026 3 \u2026] the walls, whi[te] stone [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 the others, on the outer side, twen[t]y [\u2026 5 \u2026] \u2026 and they will make atonement with it upon [it \u2026 6 \u2026] and it will not be ended any more. Every day [.\u2026 7 \u2026] the courtyard. [And] he showed [me] another [\u2026] outside [\u2026 8 \u2026] \u2026 one hundred and ten\/twenty [\u2026]<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 13<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] by its four legs, and stripped the bull [\u2026 2 \u2026 he wa]shed its legs and its intestines, and salted all of it [\u2026 3 \u2026 and] placed it on the fire, and brought fine sifted flour [\u2026 4 \u2026 a qu]arter of a seah, and he brought all of it to the altar [\u2026 5 \u2026 a qu]arter of a seah, and he poured it into [the] troughs [\u2026 6 \u2026] the [\u2026] and the flesh were mixed [\u2026 7 \u2026] the smell [\u2026 8 \u2026] the gallery near \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 14 ii<\/p>\n
2:1grape, when it shoots forth from [the] sprouts [\u2026 2from their shoot. And the fif[th] crown [\u2026 3the interior of a cypress flower. And [th]e sixth crown [\u2026 And] 4the seventh is like the rosebud \u2026 [\u2026 5The high priest will be clothed [\u2026 6 \u2026] and in all[\u2026 7 \u2026] for all \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 15<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] any more, except who is \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 and all who will have completed their week[s \u2026 3 \u2026] their brothers will enter in their place, four hundred \u2026 [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 And he said to me, \u201cFor twenty-six \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] the [Ho]ly of Holies, and \u2026 [\u2026 6 \u2026] they will [en]ter \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 16 ii + 17 i<\/p>\n
2:1second blessing [\u2026] and their thank offerings 2and their Passover sacrifices [\u2026] the [pr]iests receiving 3from their hand, which [they] stre[tch forth \u2026] \u2026 [and] n[o] 4per[son] shall enter it [\u2026] 5his hands, everything \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 17 ii<\/p>\n
2:1seven by seven. And \u2026 [\u2026] 2reeds: three, and the height of [the] doo[rs \u2026] 3to all twelve doors [\u2026] 4two, and the thickness is the width of [the] wa[ll \u2026] 5the first, one hundred rods [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 18<\/p>\n
1seven cups, and six bowls to smell [\u2026] 2and above are seven cauldrons, placed on stones [\u2026 3and a]ll of them are thirty-two thousand and nine hundred [\u2026] 4[\u2026] 5 \u2026] He said to me, \u201cYou are seeing th[at \u2026 6 \u2026] to the rooms of joy and to [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 19<\/p>\n
1 \u2026] the doors which are before the Temple \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] on the seventh day, and on the first of the m[onth \u2026 3 \u2026 h]oly is the Temple and [the] great glory [\u2026 4 \u2026] for all ages [\u2026 5 \u2026]he began to read to me from [a] writ[ing \u2026] 6 \u2026] to show me a writing \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
2Q24 Fragment 4 (11Q18 Fragment 20)<\/p>\n
1their flesh [\u2026] 2as a pleasant offering [\u2026 3 \u2026 and] they [shall] go into the Temple [\u2026] 4eight seahs of [the] finest fl[our \u2026] 5and they shall lift the bread [\u2026] 6first upon [the] alt[ar \u2026 two] 7rows upon [the] tab[le \u2026] 8two rows of br[ead \u2026 eve]ry seventh day before God, a memor[ial offering \u2026] 9[\u2026] bread. And they shall take the bread outside the Temple, to the right of 10its west side, and it shall be divided [\u2026] 11And while I was watching, it was distributed to the eighty-four priests [\u2026] 12the list (?) [\u2026] with everything was satiated the division of the tables of [\u2026] 13the eldest among them and fourteen pr[iests \u2026] 14the priests, two (pieces) of bread, whereupon was the incense [\u2026] And 15while I was watching, one of the two (pieces) of bread was given to the h[igh] priest [\u2026] 16with him, and the other was given to his deputy who was standing beside him [\u2026] 17[\u2026] And while I was watching it was given to a[ll the priests \u2026 18 \u2026] of the ram of the flock to each person [\u2026 19 \u2026] until the moment they sat down [\u2026 20 \u2026] in all [\u2026<\/p>\n
4Q555 Fragment 3<\/p>\n
3[\u2026] on the table. And on the sev[enth] day[\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 these and six[\u2026<\/p>\n
4Q555 Fragment 2<\/p>\n
2[\u2026] with anointing oil[\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 on the tabl[e \u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 21<\/p>\n
2[\u2026] \u2026 and two doors 3[\u2026] \u2026 for the two upper rooms 4[\u2026] \u2026 one rod, the width of 5 \u2026] \u2026 And similarly 6[\u2026] \u2026 the stairs<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 22<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] on the four corners of [the] altar [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 from it, all its fat 3[\u2026] \u2026 both its kidneys 4 \u2026 the [wh]eat flour soaked 5[\u2026] the [al]tar for a smell 6[\u2026] first<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 24<\/p>\n
1 \u2026 the [su]nset \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 from all \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 of four [\u2026 4 \u2026] on all the seed [\u2026 5 \u2026] in each year [\u2026 6 \u2026] \u2026 entering [\u2026 7 \u2026] all who [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 25<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] from the sacrifices of Israel [\u2026 2 \u2026] and in the night \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 and the glory [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 its flesh, which \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] \u2026 with it from [\u2026 6 \u2026] \u2026 they will eat and dr[ink \u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 26<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] and all the men who \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] they will be appointed over it [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 until the setting of the s[un \u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 together [\u2026 5 \u2026] seven<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 27<\/p>\n
1[\u2026 al]l Israel \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] And as soon as \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 Passover offerings \u2026 [\u2026 4 \u2026 until the] setting of the sun, and al[l \u2026 5 \u2026] \u2026 their peace offerings [\u2026 6 \u2026] to be drunk \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 28<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] \u2026 they will take \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 seven [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 until the setting of the s[un \u2026 4 \u2026] offerings of \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] \u2026 tw[o] bulls [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 29<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] \u2026 in front of [the] alt[ar \u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 with \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026] \u2026 for it [\u2026 4 \u2026] oil; and win[e \u2026 5 \u2026] in front of him [\u2026 6 \u2026 a pleas] ant sme [ll \u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 30<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] \u2026 like all \u2026 [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 while the Levites sacrifice [\u2026 3 \u2026] and it will be for them \u2026 [\u2026 4 \u2026] \u2026 from the festivals of \u2026 [\u2026 5 \u2026] \u2026 what is for \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 31 ii<\/p>\n
2:2[the] throne [\u2026] 3from it \u2026 [\u2026] 4the hand \u2026 [\u2026] 5and on \u2026 [\u2026] 6the throne [\u2026<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 32<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] the throne [\u2026 2 \u2026] the [\u2026] and he hastens [\u2026 3 \u2026] the Temple and from \u2026 [\u2026 4 \u2026 s]even reeds [\u2026 5 \u2026] upon four \u2026 [\u2026 6 \u2026] \u2026 from the Temple (6a) [\u2026] \u2026 stone of \u2026 [\u2026 7 \u2026] and he will sanctify it 8[\u2026] to four 9[\u2026] \u2026 and the foundation<\/p>\n
11Q18 Fragment 33<\/p>\n
1[\u2026] for a pleasant smell [\u2026 2 \u2026] \u2026 and the rams \u2026 [\u2026 3 \u2026] dedicated \u2026 [\u2026<\/p>\n
Appendix 1<\/p>\n
Books of the Bible: The Traditional Hebrew (Masoretic Text) and the Septuagint<\/p>\n
HEBREW BIBLE<\/p>\n
Genesis
\nExodus
\nLeviticus
\nNumbers
\nDeuteronomy
\nJoshua
\nJudges
\n1 Samuel
\n2 Samuel
\n1 Kings
\n2 Kings
\nIsaiah
\nJeremiah
\nEzekiel
\nHosea
\nJoel
\nAmos
\nObadiah
\nJonah
\nMicah
\nNahum
\nHabakkuk
\nZephaniah
\nHaggai
\nZechariah
\nMalachi
\nPsalms
\nProverbs
\nJob
\nSong of Songs
\nRuth
\nLamentations
\nEcclesiastes
\nEsther
\nDaniel
\nEzra
\nNehemiah
\n1 Chronicles
\n2 Chronicles<\/p>\n
SEPTUAGINT<\/p>\n
Genesis
\nExodus
\nLeviticus
\nNumbers
\nDeuteronomy
\nJoshua
\nJudges
\nRuth
\n1 Kings
\n2 Kings
\n3 Kings
\n4 Kings
\n1 Chronicles
\n2 Chronicles
\n1 Esdras
\n2 Esdras
\nEsther, with Additions
\nJudith
\nTobit
\n1 Maccabees
\n2 Maccabees
\n3 Maccabees
\n4 Maccabees
\nPsalms
\nPrayer of Manasseh
\nProverbs
\nEcclesiastes
\nSong of Songs
\nJob
\nWisdom of Solomon
\nSirach (Ecclesiasticus)
\nPsalms of Solomon
\nHosea
\nAmos
\nMicah
\nJoel
\nObadiah
\nJonah
\nNahum
\nHabakkuk
\nZephaniah
\nHaggai
\nZachariah
\nMalachi
\nIsaiah
\nJeremiah
\nBaruch
\nLamentations
\nLetter of Jeremiah
\nEzekiel
\nSusanna
\nAdditions to Daniel
\nBel and the Dragon<\/p>\n
Appendix 2<\/p>\n
Second Temple Literature<\/p>\n
WRITINGS OF PHILO<\/p>\n
On the Life of Abraham (De Abrahamo)
\nOn the Life of Joseph (De Iosepho)
\nOn the Life of Moses (De vita Mosis)
\nAgainst Flaccus (In Flaccum)
\nAllegorical Interpretation (Legum allegoriae)
\nHypothetica (Hypothetica)
\nOn Agriculture (De agricultura)
\nOn Curses (De exsecrationibus)
\nOn Dreams (De somniis)
\nOn Drunkenness (De ebrietate)
\nOn Flight and Finding (De fuga et inventione)
\nOn Giants (De gigantibus)
\nOn God (De Deo)
\nOn Planting (De platatione)
\nOn Providence (De providentia)
\nOn Rewards and Punishment (De praemiis et poenis)
\nOn Sobriety (De sobrietate)
\nOn the Change of Names (De mutatione nominum)
\nOn the Cherubim (De cherubim)
\nOn the Confusion of Tongues (De confusione lingarum)
\nOn the Contemplative Life (De vita contemplativa)
\nOn the Creation of the World (De opficio mundi)
\nOn the Decalogue (De decalogo)
\nOn the Embassy to Gaius (Legatio ad Gaium)
\nOn the Eternity of the World (De aeternutate mundi)
\nOn the Migration of Abraham (De migratione Abrahami)
\nOn the Posterity of Cain (De posteritate Caini)
\nOn the Preliminary Studies (De congressu eruditionis)
\nOn the Sacrifices of Cain and Abel (De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini)
\nOn the Special Laws (De specialibus legibus)
\nOn the Virtues (De viritibus)
\nQuestions and Answers on Exodus (Quaestiones et solutiones in Exodum)
\nQuestions and Answers on Genesis (Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin)
\nThat Every Good Person Is Free (Quod omnis probus liber sit)
\nThat God Is Unchangeable (Quod Deus sit immutabilis)
\nThat the Worse Attacks the Better (Quod deterius potiori insidari)
\nWhether Animals Have Reason? (De animalibus)
\nWho Is the Heir? (Quis rerum divinarum heres)<\/p>\n
WRITINGS OF JOSEPHUS<\/p>\n
Jewish Antiquities (Antiquitates judaicae)
\nJewish War (Bellum judaicum)
\nAgainst Apion (Contro Apionem)
\nLife (Vita)<\/p>\n
APOCRYPHA<\/p>\n
1 Esdras
\n2 Esdras
\n1 Maccabees
\n2 Maccabees
\n3 Maccabees
\n4 Maccabees
\nAdditions to Daniel
\nPrayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Jews
\nThe Story of Susanna and the Elders
\nBel and the Dragon
\nAdditions to Esther
\n1 Baruch
\nWisdom of Ben Sira
\nJudith
\nLetter of Jeremiah
\nPrayer of Manasseh
\nPsalm 151
\nTobit
\nWisdom of Solomon<\/p>\n
PSEUDEPIGRAPHA<\/p>\n
1 Enoch
\n2 Baruch
\n2 Enoch
\n3 Baruch
\n3 Enoch
\n4 Baruch 4 Ezra
\n5 Maccabees
\nAhiqar
\nApocalypse of Abraham
\nApocalypse of Adam
\nApocalypse of Daniel
\nCoptic Apocalypse of Elijah
\nApocalypse of Ezekiel
\nApocalypse of Moses
\nApocalypse of Sedrach
\nApocalypse of Zephaniah
\nApocalypse of Zosimus
\nApocryphon of Ezekiel
\nAristeas Exegete
\nAristobulus
\nArtapanus
\nAscension of Isaiah
\nAssumption of Moses
\nBook of Noah
\nCave of Treasures
\nCleodeus Malchus
\nDemetrius the Chronographer
\nEldad and Modad
\nEupolemus
\nEzekiel the Tragedian
\nApocryphal Psalms
\nGreek Apocalypse of Ezra
\nHebrew Apocalypse of Elijah
\nHecataeus of Abdera
\nGreek Synagogal Prayers
\nHistory of Joseph
\nHistory of the Rechabites
\nJannes and Jambres
\nJoseph and Aseneth
\nJubilees
\nLadder of Jacob
\nThe Letter of Aristeas
\nLife of Adam and Eve
\nLives of the Prophets
\nMartyrdom of Isiah
\nSongs of Solomon
\nPhilo the Epic Poet
\nPrayer of Jacob
\nPrayer of Joseph
\nPrayer of Manasseh
\nPrayer of Moses
\nPsalms of Solomon
\nPseudo-Hecataeus
\nPseudo-Orpheus
\nPseudo-Philo, Book of Biblical Antiquities (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum)
\nPseudo-Phocylides
\nPseudo-Eupolemus
\nQuestions of Ezra
\nRevelation of Ezra
\nSibylline Oracles
\nSyriac Menander
\nTestament of Abraham
\nTestament of Adam
\nTestament of Hezekiah
\nTestament of Isaac
\nTestament of Jacob
\nTestament of Job
\nTestament of Moses
\nTestament of Solomon
\nTestament of the Twelve Patriarchs
\nThe Lost Tribes
\nTheodotus
\nTreatise of Shem
\nVision of Ezra
\nVision of Isaiah<\/p>\n
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS<\/p>\n
1QH Thanksgiving Hymns (Hodayot)
\n1QI Isaiah
\n1QpHab Pesher Habakkuk
\n1QpPs Pesher Psalms
\n1QS Rule of the Community
\n1Q14 Pesher Micah
\n1Q17\u201318 Jubilees
\n1Q20 Genesis Apocryphon
\n1Q21 Aramaic Levi Document
\n1Q22 Words of Moses
\n1Q23 The Book of Giants
\n1Q26 Instruction
\n1Q27 Book of Mysteries
\n1Q28a Rule of the Congregation
\n1Q28b Rule of Benedictions
\n1Q32 New Jersusalem A
\n1Q33 The War Scroll
\n1Q34 Festival Prayers (4Q508)
\n2Q13 Jeremiah
\n2Q19\u201320 Jubilees
\n2Q24 New Jerusalem B
\n3Q5 Jubilees
\n3Q15 Copper Scroll
\n4Q22 Paleo-Exodus
\n4Q51\u201353 Samuel A\u2013C
\n4Q70, 71, 72, 71a, 71b Jeremiah A\u2013E
\n4Q 83, 84, 85, 88 Psalms A\u2013C, F
\n4Q119, 120 Septuagint Leviticus A\u2013B
\n4Q121 Septuagint Numbers
\n4Q122 Septuagint Deuteronomy
\n4Q128\u2013148 Tefillin A\u2013U
\n4Q149\u2013155 Mezuzot A\u2013G
\n4Q157 Leviticus Targum
\n4Q157 Job Targum
\n4Q159 Ordinances A
\n4Q161, 162, 163, 164 Pesher Isaiah A\u2013D
\n4Q166 Pesher Hosea A
\n4Q169 Pesher NahumShani
\n4Q171, 172 Pesher Psalms A\u2013B
\n4Q174 Florilegium
\n4Q175 Testimonia
\n4Q176 Consolations
\n4Q177 Catena A
\n4Q179 Lamentation
\n4Q184 Wiles of the Wicked Woman
\n4Q186 Horoscope
\n4Q196\u2013199 Tobit A\u2013D
\n4Q200 Tobit (Hebrew)
\n4Q 201, 202, 204 Enoch A\u2013C
\n4Q215 Testament of Naphtali
\n4Q216 Jubilees A
\n4Q225, 226, 227 Pseudo\u2013Jubilees A\u2013C
\n4Q243\u2013245 Pseudo-Daniel A\u2013C
\n4Q246 Son of God
\n4Q252 Commentary on Genesis
\n4Q255\u2013264 Rule of the Community A\u2013J
\n4Q265 Damascus Document
\n4Q266\u2013273 Zadokite Fragments Da\u2013h
\n4Q285 War Rule
\n4Q298 Words of the Maskil to All Sons of Dawn
\n4Q299\u2013301 Mysteries A\u2013C
\n4Q318 Zodiac
\n4Q320\u2013330 Mishmarot A\u2013H
\n4Q364\u2013367 Rewritten Pentateuch
\n4Q370 Admonition Based on the Flood
\n4Q372 Joseph Apocryphon B
\n4Q373 David Apocryphon
\n4Q374 Moses Apocryphon A
\n4Q378, 379 Psalms of Joshua A\u2013B
\n4Q380\u2013381 Non-Canonical Psalms A\u2013B
\n4Q385 Pseudo-Ezekiel A
\n4Q394\u2013399 Halakhic Letter
\n4Q400\u2013407 Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice
\n4Q410, 412\u2013413, 415\u201321, 423\u2013426, 476 Sapiential Works
\n4Q424 Instruction-like Composition B
\n4Q427\u2013432 Thanksgiving Hymns A\u2013F
\n4Q448 Prayer for King Jonathan
\n4Q464 Exposition on the Patriarchs
\n4Q470 Fragment Mentioning Zedekiah
\n4Q477 Decrees of Reproof
\n4Q491\u2013496 War Scroll
\n4Q501 Lament
\n4Q502 Ritual of Marriage
\n4Q503 Daily Prayers
\n4Q504\u2013506 Words of the Luminaries A\u2013C
\n4Q507, 508 Festival Prayer A\u2013B
\n4Q510\u2013511 Songs of the Sage A\u2013B
\n4Q512 Purification Rituals
\n4Q513, 514 Ordinances B\u2013C
\n4Q525 Beatitudes
\n4Q542 Testament of Kohath
\n4Q530, 531, 532 Giants A\u2013C
\n4Q543\u2013547 Visions of Amram A\u2013E
\n4Q550 Proto-Esther
\n4Q554 New Jerusalem C
\n4Q534 Elect of God
\n4QMMT Some Precepts of the Torah (Miktzat Ma\u2019ase ha-Torah)
\n5Q12 Zadokite Fragments
\n5Q15 New Jerusalem D
\n6Q8 Giants
\n6Q15 Zadokite Fragments
\n7Q1 Septuagint Exodus
\n7Q2 Septuagint Letter to Jeremiah
\n11Q1 Paleo-Leviticus
\n11Q4 Ezekiel Scroll
\n11Q5 Psalms Scroll
\n11Q10 Job Targum
\n11Q12 Jubilees
\n11Q13 Melchizedek
\n11Q14 Blessings
\n11Q17 Song of the Sabbath Sacrifice
\n11Q18 New Jerusalem E
\n11Q19 Temple Scroll
\n11Q20 Temple Scroll B
\n8HevXIIgr Greek Twelve Prophets Scroll
\nXQPhyl 1\u20134 Tefillin<\/p>\n
Source Acknowledgments<\/p>\n
Septuagint Selections by Emanuel Tov<\/p>\n
Translation is by Robert J. V. Hiebert, in Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright, eds., A New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), with slight alterations. Used with permission. Unless otherwise noted, MT translations are from the NJPS. The Samaritan Pentateuch is from the edition of A. Tal and M. Florentin, The Pentateuch: The Samaritan Version and the Masoretic Version (Tel Aviv: Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press, 2010).<\/p>\n
Additions to Esther by Michael V. Fox<\/p>\n
Translation is the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible (NRSV) available in The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 41\u201356. The translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
The Story of Susanna and the Elders, The Prayer of Azariah, The Song of the Three Jews, and Bel and the Dragon by Matthias Henze<\/p>\n
Translations are from the NRSV, taken from A New English Translation of the Septuagint, ed. A. Pietersma and Benjamine G. Wright (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). Used by permission. Verse numbers from the book of Daniel are based on the New Jewish Publication Society (NJPS) translation, which differs slightly in versification from the NRSV.<\/p>\n
1 Esdras by Sara Japhet<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on R. Hanhart, Esdras liber I, G\u00f6ttingen Septuaginta 8\/1 (G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974 [2nd ed. 1991]).<\/p>\n
Commentary on Genesis A by George J. Brooke<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, adapted from that in DJD 22: \u201c252. 4QCommentary on Genesis A\u201d in Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3, edited by G. Brooke, et al. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996).<\/p>\n
Ages of Creation by Andrew D. Gross<\/p>\n
Translations have been slightly adapted from F. Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez and E. J. C. Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Leiden: Brill, 1997\u201398). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
The Book of Giants by Loren Theo Stuckenbruck<\/p>\n
Translation is from Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, vol. 3: Parabiblical Texts (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 472\u2013503, 506\u20137, and 510\u201314, unless otherwise noted. Biblical translations are from NRSV. Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
The Genesis Apocryphon by Matthew J. Morgenstern and Michael Segal<\/p>\n
Translation is by the authors.<\/p>\n
Admonition Based on the Flood by Alex P. Jassen<\/p>\n
Translation is a modified version of Carol A. Newsom\u2019s \u201c370. 4QAdmonition Based on the Flood, from in Qumran Cave 4.XIV: Parabiblical Texts, Part 2, edited by M. Broshi et al., in consultation with J. C. VanderKam, 85\u201397. DJD 19 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995). Used by permission.<\/p>\n
Jubilees by James L. Kugel<\/p>\n
Translation, with minor alterations, is from O. S. Wintermute, \u201cJubilees: A New Translation and Introduction,\u201d in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. James H. Charlesworth (New York: Doubleday, 1983\u201385). Copyright \u00a9 1985 by James H. Charlesworth. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Jubilees by James L. Kugel<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Philo, Book of Biblical Antiquities by Howard Jacobson<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from Howard Jacobson, A Commentary on Pseudo-Philo\u2019s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum (Leiden: Brill, 1996). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Daniel by John J. Collins<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from J. J. Collins and P. W. Flint, \u201c243\u201345 4Qpseudo-Daniela\u2013c ar,\u201d in Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3, by G. Brooke, et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) 22 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Son of God by John J. Collins<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author. All biblical translations are from the NRSV.<\/p>\n
Pesher Nahum by Shani Berrin Tzoref<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from Shani L. Berrin, The Pesher Nahum Scroll from Qumran: An Exegetical Study of 4Q169, Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 53 (Leiden: Brill, 2004). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Pesher Habakkuk by Bilhah Nitzan<\/p>\n
Translation is from Maurya P. Horgan, Pesharim: Qumran Interpretations of Biblical Books, Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 8 (Washington DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1979). Used with permission.<\/p>\n
Demetrius the Chronographer by Lorenzo DiTommaso<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author.<\/p>\n
Artapanus by Erich S. Gruen<\/p>\n
Translation is from C. R. Holladay, Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors, 1.189\u2013243 (Chico CA: Scholars, 1983). Used with permission from the Society of Biblical Literature.<\/p>\n
Eupolemus and Pseudo-Eupolemus by Gregory E. Sterling<\/p>\n
Translations are by the author.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Hecataeus, \u201cOn the Jews,\u201d by Bezalel Bar-Kochva<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from B. Bar-Kochva, Pseudo-Hecataeus: \u201cOn the Jews\u201d (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). Used with permission.<\/p>\n
Theodotus, \u201cOn the Jews,\u201d by Howard Jacobson<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from Eusebius\u2019s Preparation for the Gospel.<\/p>\n
Philo, the Epic Poet, by Harold W. Attridge<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from Harold W. Attridge, \u201cPhilo the Epic Poet,\u201d in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 2:782\u2013784 (Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1985). Copyright \u00a9 1985 by James H. Charlesworth, used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.<\/p>\n
Ezekiel, the Tragedian, by Howard Jacobson<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from H. Jacobson, The Exagoge of Ezekiel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Reprinted with permission.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Orpheus by David E. Aune<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 13.12.5, in Mras, Eusebius Werke, Achter Band. Unless otherwise noted, Masoretic Text translations are from the NJPS.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Philo, On Samson and On Jonah by Gohar Muradyan and Aram Topchyan<\/p>\n
Translation is by the authors. Unless otherwise noted, translations of the Masoretic Text are from Books of the Bible, A. Cohen, ed. (New York: Soncino, 1975).<\/p>\n
Questions and Answers on Genesis and Exodus by Aram Topchyan and Gohar Muradyan<\/p>\n
Translation is by the authors. Unless otherwise noted, biblical translations are from the NJPS.<\/p>\n
On the Creation of the World by David T. Runia<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author.<\/p>\n
Allegorical Interpretation 1.31\u201362 by Maren Niehoff<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author.<\/p>\n
On the Life of Abraham by Ellen Birnbaum<\/p>\n
Translation is from F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, On the Life of Abraham, Loeb Classical Library 289 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volume 6, Loeb Classical Library vol. 289, translated by F. H. Colson (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1935 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
On the Migration of Abraham by Peder Borgen<\/p>\n
Translation is from F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, Loeb Classical Library vol. 261 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volume 6, Loeb Classical Library vol. 261, translated by F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1932 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
On the Life of Moses by Maren R. Niehoff<\/p>\n
Translation is from F. H. Colson, Philo with an English Translation. Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann, 1939). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volume 8, Loeb Classical Library vol. 341, translated by F. H. Colson (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1939 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
On the Decalogue by Sarah Judith Pearce<\/p>\n
Translation is from Francis H. Colson, Philo in Ten Volumes (and Two Supplementary Volumes) (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press\/William Heinemann, 1934). Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volume 7, Loeb Classical Library vol. 320 (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1937 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
On the Special Laws 1\u20134 by Naomi G. Cohen<\/p>\n
The translation is from F. H. Colson, Philo with an English Translation Loeb Classical Library vols. 320 and 341 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937, 1939). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volumes 7 and 8, Loeb Classical Library vols. 320 and 341, translated by F. H. Colson (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1937 and 1939 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
Preface to Jewish Antiquities; Creation; The Flood; Abraham Journeys to Canaan and Egypt; The Akedah; Joseph and Potiphar\u2019s Wife; The Rape of Dinah; Moses\u2019s Campaign against the Ethiopians; The Sending of the Spies; The Revolt of Korah; The Story of Balaam; and The Death of Moses by Louis H. Feldman<\/p>\n
The translations are from L. H. Feldman, Flavius Josephus: Judean Jewish Antiquities 1\u20134 (Leiden: Brill, 2000). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Mosaic Constitution by David M. Goldenberg<\/p>\n
The translation is from Louis Feldman, Judaean Antiquities 1\u20134, vol. 3 of Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, ed. Steve Mason (Leiden: Brill, 2000). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV. Some phrasing taken from H. St. J. Thackeray, trans., Josephus: Jewish Antiquities 1\u20134, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1967).<\/p>\n
The Altar across the Jordan by Silvia Castelli<\/p>\n
Translation is adapted from that of Christopher Begg, Flavius Josephus: Judean Antiquities 5\u20137, in Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 4:25\u201328. Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
The Levite and His Wife; Deborah; Jephthah\u2019s Vow; The Birth of Samson; The Marriage of Ruth and Boaz; Massacre at Nob; God Rejects Saul; The Witch of Endor; The Death of Saul; David Kills Goliath; David and Bathsheba; and The Death of Absalom by Silvia Castelli<\/p>\n
Translations are from Christopher Begg, Flavius Josephus: Judean Antiquities 5\u20137, in Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 4:33\u201337. Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Solomon\u2019s Wisdom in the Case of the Two Harlots; Phoenician Writings on Solomon\u2019s Wisdom; Solomon\u2019s Magical Powers; and Solomon\u2019s Prayer at the Temple Dedication by Pablo Torijano<\/p>\n
Translations are from H. St. J. Thackeray, Josephus with an English Translation (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1926\u201365). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Josephus: Volume 5, Loeb Classical Library vol. 281 (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1934 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
The Return from Exile and Esther by Paul Spilsbury<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, from Paul Spilsbury, Judean Antiquities 11\u201313: Translation and Commentary. Vol. 6 of Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, edited by S. Mason (Leiden: Brill, forthcoming). Used by permission of Koninklijke B NV.<\/p>\n
Life of Adam and Eve by Gary A. Anderson<\/p>\n
Translation from Gary A. Anderson and Michael Stone, A Synopsis of the Life of Adam and Eve rev. ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999). Used with permission from Society of Biblical Literature.<\/p>\n
1 Enoch by Miriam T. Brand<\/p>\n
Translation is from Miachel A. Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch: A New Edition in the Light of the Aramaic Dead Sea Fragments, 2 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Apocalypse of Abraham by Alexander Kulik<\/p>\n
Translation is from Alexander Kulik, Retroverting Slavonic Pseudepigrapha: Toward the Original of the Apocalypse of Abraham (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004; Leiden: Brill 2005). Used by permission of Society of Biblical Literature. All biblical translations are by the author.<\/p>\n
Melchizedek by Joseph L. Angel<\/p>\n
Translation by Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, and Adam S. van der Woude, \u201c11QMelchizedek,\u201d in Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11 (11Q2\u201318, 11Q20\u201330), DJD 23 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998).<\/p>\n
Aramaic Levi Document by Michael E. Stone and Esther Eshel<\/p>\n
Translation is from J. C. Greenfield, M. E. Stone, and E. Eshel, The ADL: Studia in Veteris Testamenti pseudepigrapha 19 (Leiden: Brill, 2004). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Visions of Amram by Andrew D. Gross<\/p>\n
Translation is from Geza Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 2004). Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.<\/p>\n
Song of Miriam by Sidnie White Crawford<\/p>\n
Translation is from Emanuel Tov and Sidnie White, \u201c365. 4QReworked Pentateuchc (Pls. 22\u201332),\u201d in Qumran Cave 4.VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 1, ed. H. W. Attridge, et al., in consultation with J. C. VanderKam, DJD 13 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Apocryphon of Joshua by Miriam Zangi and Hanan Eshel<\/p>\n
The translation is by Hanan Eshel, based on Devorah Dimant, \u201cBetween Sectarian and Non-Sectarian: The Case of the Apocryphon of Joshua,\u201d in Reworking the Bible: Apocryphal and Related Texts at Qumran, ed. E. G. Chazon, D. Dimant, and R. A. Clements (Leiden: Brill, 2005).<\/p>\n
The Vision of Samuel by Andrew D. Gross<\/p>\n
Translation is slightly adapted from Alex P. Jassen, \u201cLiterary and Historical Studies in the Samuel Apocryphon (4Q160),\u201d JJS 59 (2008). Used by permission from the Journal of Jewish Studies.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Ezekiel by Devorah Dimant<\/p>\n
Translation is from D. Dimant, Qumran Cave 4.XXI: Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts, DJD 30 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
The Apocryphon of Ezekiel by Benjamin G. Wright III<\/p>\n
Translation is from Michael E. Stone, Benjamin G. Wright, and David Satran, The Apocryphal Ezekiel, Society of Biblical Literature\u2019s Early Judaism and Its Literature 18 (Atlanta: SBL, 2000). Used by permission.<\/p>\n
The Letter of Jeremiah and 1 Baruch by Steven D. Fraade<\/p>\n
Translation are from the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
2 Baruch by Adam H. Becker<\/p>\n
Translation is an adaptation from R. H. Charles, \u201cII Baruch,\u201d in The Apocrypha and Pseudipigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1913). Used by permission.<\/p>\n
3 Baruch by Yevgeniy Y. Zingerman<\/p>\n
The translation is from H. E. Gaylord Jr., \u201c3 (Greek Apocalypse of) Baruch,\u201d in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. J. H. Charlesworth (Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1983\u201385). Used by permission of Yale University Press.<\/p>\n
Prayer of Nabonidus by John J. Collins<\/p>\n
The translation is by the author, from J. J. Collins, \u201c242. 4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar,\u201d in Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3, ed. G. Brooke, et al., in consultation with J. C. VanderKam, djd 22 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
4 Ezra by Karina Martin Hogan<\/p>\n
The translation is from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of 2 Esdras. See Michael D. Coogan and others, eds., New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version with the Apocrypha, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).<\/p>\n
Testament of Abraham by Annette Yoshiko Reed<\/p>\n
Translation follows W. A. Craigie, trans., \u201cTestament of Abraham\u201d in Ante-Nicene Christian Library 9 (London: T&T Clark, 1897).<\/p>\n
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs by James L. Kugel<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on H. W. Hollander and M. de Jonge, The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs: A Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 1986).<\/p>\n
Testament of Moses by Kenneth Atkinson<\/p>\n
Translation is from John Priest, \u201cTestament of Moses (First Century A.D.): A New Translation and Introduction,\u201d in Old Testament Pseudepigrapha vol. 1, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City: Doubleday, 1983). Used by permission of Yale University Press.<\/p>\n
Testament of Kohath by Andrew D. Gross<\/p>\n
Translation is from Edward M. Cook, \u201cRemarks on the Testament of Kohath from Qumran Cave 4,\u201d in Journal of Jewish Studies 44 (1993). Used with permission from the Journal of Jewish Studies.<\/p>\n
Testament of Job by Harold W. Attridge<\/p>\n
Translation is from R. Spittler, \u201cTestament of Job: A New Translation and Introduction,\u201d in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. James Charlesworth (Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1985). Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.<\/p>\n
Psalms of Solomon by Kenneth Atkinson<\/p>\n
The translation is by the author, taken with minor alterations from its published version in Kenneth Atkinson, \u201cPsalms of Salomon,\u201d in A New English Translation of the Septuagint, ed. Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Self-Glorification Hymn by Esther Eshel<\/p>\n
Translation is from E. Eshel, \u201c4Q71b. 4QSelf-Glorification Hymn (= 4QHe frg. 1?).\u201d In Qumran Cave 4.XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2, ed. E. Chazon, et al., in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, DJD 29 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1999). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Daily Prayers by Daniel K. Falk<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on the Hebrew from Maurice Baillet, \u201c503. Pri\u00e8res quotidiennes,\u201d in Qumr\u00e2n grotte 4.III (4Q482\u20134Q520), DJD 7 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982). Except where noted, Hebrew Bible translations are NJPS, and translations from the Apocrypha and New Testament are NRSV.<\/p>\n
Festival Prayers by Daniel K. Falk<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on Maurice Baillet, \u201c505. Paroles des Luminaires,\u201d and \u201c507\u2013509. Pri\u00e8res pour les f\u00eates,\u201d in Qumr\u00e2n grotte 4.III (4Q482\u20134Q520), DJD 7 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982); and J. T. Milik, \u201c34. Recueil de pri\u00e8res liturgiques\u201d and \u201c34bis. Recueil de pri\u00e8res liturgiques,\u201d In Qumran Cave I, ed. D. Barth\u00e9lemy and J. T. Milik, 136, 152\u201355, DJD 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1955).<\/p>\n
Words of the Luminaries by Daniel K. Falk<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, based on Maurice Baillet, \u201c504. Paroles des Luminaires (premier exemplaire: DibHama)\u201d and \u201c506. Paroles des Luminaires (troisi\u00e8me exemplaire: DibHamc),\u201d in Qumr\u00e2n grotte 4.III (4Q482\u20134Q520), DJD 7 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982); and Esther Chazon, \u201cA Liturgical Document from Qumran and its Implications: \u2018Words of the Luminaries\u2019 (4QDibHam)\u201d [Hebrew]. Unpublished PhD Dissertation (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1991).<\/p>\n
Angelic Liturgy by Michael D. Swartz<\/p>\n
Composite text and translation are from James H. Charlesworth and Carol A. Newsom, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations, vol. 4B, Angelic Liturgy: Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck; Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox, 1999).<\/p>\n
Thanksgiving Hymns (Hodayot) by Angela Kim Harkins<\/p>\n
Translation is based on Martin Abegg, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation (San Francisco: Harper, 1996, 2005). Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.<\/p>\n
Apocryphal Psalms by Eileen Schuller<\/p>\n
Translations are from James A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11, 11QPsa, DJDJ 4 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Non-Canonical Psalms by Eileen Schuller<\/p>\n
The translation is from Esther Eshel, Hanan Eshel, Carol Newsom, Bilhah Nitzan, Eileen Schuller, and Ada Yardeni, Qumran Cave 4.VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part I, DJD 11 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Greek Synogogal Prayers by Pieter W. van der Horst<\/p>\n
Translations are by the author.<\/p>\n
Prayer of Enosh by James L. Kugel<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author.<\/p>\n
Prayer of Manasseh by Esther G. Chazon<\/p>\n
Translation is from Pieter W. van der Horst and Judith H. Newman, Early Jewish Prayers in Greek (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008). Used by permission.<\/p>\n
Prayer for King Jonathan by Hanan Eshel<\/p>\n
Translation is from H. Eshel and E. Eshel, \u201c4Q448, Psalm 154 (Syriac), Sirach 48:20 and 4QpIsaa,\u201d in JBL 119 (2000). Used by permission.<\/p>\n
Wisdom of Solomon by Peter Enns<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Except where otherwise indicated, translations from the Hebrew Bible are from the NJPS.<\/p>\n
Wisdom of Ben Sira by Benjamin G. Wright III<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Hebrew Bible translations are NJPS, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n
Pseudo-Phocylides, Sentences, by Pieter w. van der Horst<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author. Used by permission of Brill.<\/p>\n
4 Maccabees by David A. deSilva<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
Wiles of the Wicked Woman and Words of the Maskil to All Sons of Dawn by Armin Lange<\/p>\n
Translations are from Stephen J. Pfann and Menahem Kister, \u201cWords of the Maskil to All Sons of Dawn,\u201d In Qumran Cave 4.XV: Sapiential Texts, Part 1, DJD 20 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997). Used by permission of Oxford.<\/p>\n
Beatitudes by Armin Lange<\/p>\n
Translation is adapted from M. Wise, M. Abegg, E. Cook, and N. Gordon, \u201c4Q525 (4QBeatitudes),\u201d in The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, Part 4: Calendrical and Sapiential Texts, ed. Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov (Leiden: Brill, 2004). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Instruction-like Composition B by Armin Lange<\/p>\n
Translation is by the author, with reference to Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez and Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, \u201c4Q424 4QSapiential Text,\u201d in The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Leiden: Brill, 1997\u201398).<\/p>\n
Musar leMevin by Armin Lange<\/p>\n
Translation is by the uathor, based on Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, To Increase Learning for the Understanding Ones: Reading and Reconstructing the Fragmentary Early Jewish Sapiential Text 4QInstruction, Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 44 (Leiden: Brill, 2001).<\/p>\n
On the Virtues (51\u2013174) by Walter T. Wilson<\/p>\n
Translation is from F. H. Colson, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1939). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Philo: Volume 8, Loeb Classical Library vol. 341 (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a91939 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
On the Contemplative Life by David M. Hay and David T. Runia<\/p>\n
Translation is from D. Winston, Philo of Alexandria: The Contemplative Life, the Giants, and Selections, Classics of Western Spirituality (New York: Paulist Press, 1981). Reprinted by permission of Paulist Press, Inc.<\/p>\n
Hypothetica by Gregory E. Sterling<\/p>\n
The translation is by the author, to be published in Brill\u2019s forthcoming Philo of Alexandria Commentary (2014).<\/p>\n
Joseph and Aseneth by Patricia Ahearne-Kroll<\/p>\n
Translation is based on Christoph Burchard, assisted by Carsten Burfeind and Uta Barbara Fink, Joseph und Aseneth, Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece 5 (Leiden: Brill, 2003). Used by permission of Koninklijke Brill NV.<\/p>\n
Judith by Betsy Halpern-Amaru<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
Tobit by George W. E. Nickelsburg<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
4 Baruch by Pablo Torijano<\/p>\n
Translation is by Robert A. Kraft and Ann-Elizabeth Purintun, Paraleipomena Jeremiou, SBLTexts and Translations 1 (Missoula MT: SBL, 1972). Except where otherwise noted, Hebrew Bible translations are NJPS. The translations of Apocryphal works and New Testament passages are NRSV. Translations of the Septuagint are from Bernard A. Taylor, found in Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright, eds., A New English Translation of the Septuagint (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).<\/p>\n
3 Maccabees by Sara Raup Johnson<\/p>\n
Translation is the NRSV, copyright \u00a9 1989 the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
The Letter of Aristeas by Erich S. Gruen<\/p>\n
Translation is from M. Hadas, Aristeas to Philocrates (Letter of Aristeas) (New York: Harper Brothers, for the Dropsie College of Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1951).<\/p>\n
1 Maccabees by Lawrence H. Schiffman<\/p>\n
Translation is from the RSV, copyright \u00a9 1946, 1952, and 1971, the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
2 Maccabees by Daniel R. Schwartz<\/p>\n
Translation is from the RSV, copyright \u00a9 1946, 1952, and 1971, the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n
Jewish War: Excursus on Jewish Groups by Albert I. Baumgarten<\/p>\n
Translation is from H. St. J. Thackeray, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927). Reprinted by permission of the Publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Josephus: Volume 2, Loeb Classical Library vol. 203, trans. H. St. J. Thackeray (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press). Copyright \u00a9 1927 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library \u00ae is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.<\/p>\n
Against Apion by John M. G. Barclay<\/p>\n
Translation by the author, of the new version of the text, in F. Siegert, ed., Flavius Josephus, \u00dcber die Urspr\u00fcnglichkeit des Judentums. Contra Apionem, 2 vols. (G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008). Except where otherwise noted, Bible passages are from NJPS.<\/p>\n
Rule of the Community by Alex P. Jassen<\/p>\n
Translation is from James H. Charlesworth, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls in English: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations: Rule of the Community and Related Texts (T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994).<\/p>\n
Damascus Document by Joseph L. Angel<\/p>\n
Translation are drawn and occasionally modified from Joseph Baumgarten and Daniel Schwartz, \u201cDamascus Document (CD),\u201d in The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations: Damascus Document, War Scrolls and Related Documents, ed. J. Charlesworth, Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project 2 (T\u00fcbingen: Mohr\/Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995). Used by permission of Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG.<\/p>\n
Temple Scroll by Lawrence H. Schiffman<\/p>\n
Translation is based on an edition of the Hebrew manuscripts by Lawrence H. Schiffman, Andrew D. Gross, and Michael C. Rand, published in J. H. Charlesworth, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations, Vol. 7, Temple Scroll and Related Documents, ed. Lawrence H. Schiffman, with A. D. Gross and M. C. Rand, et al. (T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2011). The commentary was compiled from L. Schiffman, The Courtyards of the House of the Lord: Studies on the Temple Scroll: Studies on the Temple Scroll, edited by Florentino Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, STDJ 75 (Leiden: Brill, 2008).<\/p>\n
Some Precepts of the Torah by Lawrence H. Schiffman<\/p>\n
Translation is adapted from F. Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English (Leiden: Brill, 1994).<\/p>\n
War Scroll by Jean Duhaime<\/p>\n
The translation is by the author, from Jean Duhaime, in The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations, vol. 2: Damascus Document, War Scroll, and Related Documents, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995).<\/p>\n
New Jerusalem by Joseph L. Angel<\/p>\n
The translation and placement of fragments follow Lorenzo DiTommaso, The Dead Sea New Jerusalem Text: Contents and Contexts. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 110 (T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005). Used with permission from Mohr Siebeck.<\/p>\n
Contributors<\/p>\n
Patricia Ahearne-Kroll, assistant professor of Religion, Ohio Wesleyan University.
\nGary A. Anderson, Hesburgh Professor of Catholic Theology, University of Notre Dame.
\nJoseph L. Angel, assistant professor of Bible, Yeshiva University.
\nKenneth Atkinson, associate professor of History, University of Northern Iowa.
\nHarold W. Attridge, The Reverend Henry L. Slack Dean and Lillian Claus Professor of New Testament, Yale University Divinity School.
\nDavid E. Aune, Walter Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins, University of Notre Dame.
\nJohn M. G. Barclay, Lightfoot Professor of Divinity, Durham University.
\nBezalel Bar-Kochva, Jacob M. Alkow Professor of Jewish History in the Ancient World, Tel Aviv University.
\nAlbert I. Baumgarten, past professor of Jewish History, Bar Ilan University.
\nAdam H. Becker, associate professor of Classics and Religious Studies, New York University.
\nEllen Birnbaum, past lecturer, Boston University.
\nPeder Borgen, professor emeritus of Early Christianity and Judaism, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
\nMiryam T. Brand, National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research.
\nGeorge J. Brooke, Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis, University of Manchester.
\nSilvia Castelli, researcher in New Testament Studies, VU University, Amsterdam.
\nEsther G. Chazon, senior lecturer in Hebrew Literature, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nNaomi G. Cohen, senior research fellow, Haifa University.
\nJohn J. Collins, Holmes Professor of Old Testament, Yale Divinity School.
\nSidnie White Crawford, Willa Cather Professor of Classics and Religious Studies, University of Nebraska.
\nDavid A. deSilva, Trustees\u2019 Distinguished Professor of New Testament and Greek, Ashland Theological Seminary.
\nDevorah Dimant, professor emeritus of Ancient Jewish Literature, University of Haifa.
\nLorenzo DiTommaso, associate professor and chair of Religion, Concordia University.
\nJean Duhaime, professor of Biblical Interpretation, University of Montreal.
\nPeter Enns, affiliate professor of Biblical Studies, Eastern University.
\nEsther Eshel, acting head of the Jeselsohn Epigraphic Center of Jewish History, Bar Ilan University.
\nHanan Eshel, professor at The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar Ilan University.
\nDaniel K. Falk, professor of Ancient Judaism and Biblical Studies, University of Oregon.
\nLouis H. Feldman, Abraham Wouk Family Professor of Classics and Literature, Yeshiva University.
\nMichael V. Fox, Halls-Bascom Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin.
\nSteven D. Fraade, Mark Taper Professor of the History of Judaism and chair of program in Judaic Studies, Yale University.
\nDavid M. Goldenberg, past professor in Jewish Religion and Thought, University of Cape Town; past president, Dropsie College; editor, Jewish Quarterly Review.
\nAndrew D. Gross, assistant professor of Semitic Languages, Catholic University of America.
\nErich S. Gruen, Gladys Rehard Wood Professor Emeritus of History and Classics, and chair of Jewish Studies program, University of California.
\nBetsy Halpern-Amaru, professor emeritus of Religion, Vassar College.
\nAngela Kim Harkins, associate professor of Religious Studies, Fairfield University.
\nDavid M. Hay, professor emeritus of Religion, Coe College.
\nMatthias Henze, associate professor of Religious Studies, Rice University.
\nKarina Martin Hogan, associate professor of Theology, Fordham University.
\nHoward Jacobson, professor emeritus of the Classics, University of Illinois.
\nSara Japhet, Yehezkel Kaufmann Professor Emeritus of Bible, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nAlex P. Jassen, assistant professor of Early Judaism, University of Minnesota.
\nSara Raup Johnson, associate professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, University of Connecticut.
\nJames L. Kugel, Starr Professor of Hebrew Literature Emeritus, Harvard University; professor of Bible, Bar Ilan University.
\nAlexander Kulik, associate professor, Department of German, Russian, and East European Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nArmin Lange, professor of Second Temple Judaism, Institute of Jewish Studies, Vienna University.
\nMatthew J. Morgenstern, senior lecturer in the Department of Hebrew Language, University of Haifa.
\nGohar Muradyan, senior researcher at the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Matenadaran.
\nMaren R. Niehoff, associate professor of Jewish Thought, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nGeorge W. E. Nickelsburg, professor of Christian Origins and Early Judaism, University of Iowa.
\nBilhah Nitzan, associate professor emeritus of Bible, Tel Aviv University.
\nSarah Judith Pearce, Ian Karten Professor of Jewish Studies, University of Southampton.
\nAnnette Yoshiko Reed, M. Mark and Esther K. Watkins assistant professor in the Humanities, University of Pennsylvania.
\nDavid T. Runia, Master of Queen\u2019s College and Professorial Fellow in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne.
\nLawrence H. Schiffman, vice provost for Undergraduate Education, Yeshiva University.
\nEileen Schuller, professor of Religious Studies, McMaster University.
\nDaniel R. Schwartz, professor of Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nMichael Segal, senior lecturer in the Department of Bible; editor of the Hebrew University Bible Project, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nPaul Spilsbury, vice president for Academic Affairs and professor of New Testament and Christian Origins, Ambrose University College.
\nGregory E. Sterling, professor of New Testament and Christian Origins and Dean of the Graduate School, University of Notre Dame.
\nMichael E. Stone, Gail de Nur Professor of Comparative Religion and professor emeritus of Armenian Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nLoren Theo Stuckenbruck, Richard Dearborn Professor of New Testament Studies, Princeton Theological Seminary.
\nMichael D. Swartz, professor of Hebrew and Religious Studies, Ohio State University.
\nAram Topchyan, senior researcher at the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Matenadaran.
\nPablo Torijano, associate professor of Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, The Complutense University.
\nEmanuel Tov, professor emeritus of Bible, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nShani Berrin Tzoref, researcher of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project, Israel Antiquities Authority.
\nPieter W. van der Horst, professor emeritus of Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity, Utrecht University.
\nWalter T. Wilson, associate professor of New Testament, Emory University.
\nBenjamin G. Wright III, University Distinguished Professor of Religion Studies, Lehigh University.
\nMiriam Zangi, independent scholar, Haifa.
\nYevgeniy Y. Zingerman, Independent scholar, Jerusalem.<\/p>\n
ADVISORY BOARD<\/p>\n
Ellen Birnbaum, past lecturer, Boston University.
\nRuth Clements, head of publications, Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and associated Literature, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nYaakov Elman, professor of Judaic Studies, Yeshiva University; associate of Center of Jewish Studies, Harvard University.
\nErich S. Gruen, Gladys Rehard Wood Professor Emeritus of History and Classics, and chair of Jewish Studies program, University of California.
\nRichard Hidary, assistant professor of Judaic Studies, Yeshiva University, Stern College for Women.
\nMartha Himmelfarb, William H. Danforth Professor of Religion, Princeton University.
\nGeorge W. E. Nickelsburg, professor of Christian Origins and Early Judaism, University of Iowa.
\nTessa Rajak, senior research fellow, Somerville College, University of Oxford.
\nEdward P. Sanders, past professor of Religion, Duke University.
\nPeter Schaefer, Perelman Professor of Jewish Studies and professor of Religion, and director of the Program in Judaic Studies, Princeton University.
\nDaniel R. Schwartz, professor of Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
\nJames C. VanderKam, John A. O\u2019Brien Professor of Hebrew Scriptures, University of Notre Dame.
\nBarry Scott Wimpfheimer, director of The Crown Family Center for Jewish and Israel Studies and assistant professor of Religious Studies and Law, Northwestern University.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
New Jerusalem Joseph L. Angel New Jerusalem is a partially preserved visionary work from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection that describes the architectural plans for an eschatological Jerusalem of enormous size and awesome beauty. The textual remains of the document are mostly concerned with the precise measurements of the city\u2019s structures, including its walls, towers, … <\/p>\n