{"id":1406,"date":"2018-02-06T19:52:30","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T18:52:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/?p=1406"},"modified":"2018-02-06T19:52:30","modified_gmt":"2018-02-06T18:52:30","slug":"how-the-new-testament-quotes-the-old-testament","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/2018\/02\/06\/how-the-new-testament-quotes-the-old-testament\/","title":{"rendered":"How the New Testament Quotes the Old Testament"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/span><\/span>Now all this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Matthew 1:22<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anyone who has read through the New Testament soon realizes that it<\/span> frequently quotes the Old Testament and quotes it in various ways. Sometimes, because the context of the Old Testament quotation does not seem to fit the New Testament context, people have had problems in this area, wondering if the New Testament does not take too <\/span>much liberty with the Old Testament. This will be a study to see just how the New Testament does quote the Old Testament.<\/p>\n

By way of in<\/span>troduction, it might be pointed out that, in the context of the Old Testament, there were four different types of messianic prophecies and four categories of quotations in the New Testament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>I. The Four Types of Messianic Prophecies in the Old Testament<\/p>\n

Leaving aside for the moment how the New Testament quotes these prophecies, we will discuss the four types of messianic prophecy in the O<\/span>ld Testament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>A. Prophecies Dealing with the First Coming of the Messiah<\/p>\n

The first type of messianic prophecy deals with the First Coming of the Messiah only. Some examples of the many prophecies in the Old Testame<\/span>nt that deal strictly with the First Coming include: Deuteronomy 18:15\u201319<\/a>; Psalm 16:8\u201311<\/a>; 40:6\u201310<\/a>; 69:13\u201328<\/a>; Isaiah 7:14<\/a>; Zechariah 13:7<\/a>; and many, many others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>B. Prophecies Dealing with the Second Coming of the Messiah<\/p>\n

The second type of messianic prophecy deals strictly with His Second Coming and nothing else. These include: Psalm 2:7\u20139<\/a>; 48<\/a>; 72<\/a>; 132<\/a>; Isaia<\/span>h 2:1\u20134<\/a>; 24<\/a>; 32<\/a>; 33<\/a>; 35<\/a>; 60<\/a>; 63<\/a>; Jeremiah 3:11\u201318<\/a>; 23:1\u20138<\/a>; Ezekiel 34<\/a>; Amos 9:11\u201315<\/a>; Habakkuk 3<\/a>; and Zechariah 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>C. Prophecies Blending the Two Comings of the Messiah<\/p>\n

The third type of messianic prophecy is a blend of the two Comings of the one Messiah into a single picture. In other words, the prophecy contains<\/span> a prophecy of the First Coming and a prophecy of the Second Coming, but there is nothing in the text itself to tell you that there is a gap of time between the First and Second Comings; you know that only from other passages.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some examples of this type of messianic prophecy include: Genesis 49:10<\/a>; Psalm 22<\/a>; Isaiah 9:5\u20137<\/a>; 11:1\u201312<\/a>; and Zechariah 9:9\u201315<\/a>. Perhaps the best single example is Zechariah <\/span>9:9\u201310<\/a>, because verse 9<\/a> clearly speaks of the First Coming and verse 10<\/a> speaks of the Second Coming, but there is nothing in the passage to indicate that there is an interval of time between the First<\/span> and Second Comings of the Messiah.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>D. Prophecies Including the Entire Redemptive Career of the Messiah<\/p>\n

The fourth type of messianic prophecy is the type that gives the entire redemptive career of the Messiah, which includes four elemen<\/span>ts: His First Coming, the interval between the First and Second Comings, the Second Coming, and the Messianic Kingdom. Examples of this category include: Psalms 45<\/a> and 110<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>II. The Four Categories of Quotations in the New Testament<\/p>\n

The New Testament quotes the Old Testament, but it quotes it in four different ways or categories. Every Old Testament quotation, found withi<\/span>n the New Testament, will always fit into one of these four categories. In this study, we will use Matthew 2<\/a> as a base, simply because this one chapter has all four categories of quotations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>A. Literal Prophecy Plus Literal Fulfillment<\/p>\n

The first category is known as \u201cliteral prophecy plus literal fulfillment.\u201d The example of this first category is found in Matthew 2:5\u20136<\/a>: And they said unt<\/em><\/span>o him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written through the prophet, And you Bethlehem, land of Judah, Are in no wise least among the princes of Judah: For out of you shall come forth a governor, Who shall be sh<\/em><\/span>epherd of my people Israel.<\/em><\/p>\n

This passage in the New Testament quotes Micah 5:2<\/a>. If we go back to the context of Micah 5:2<\/a> to see what the Old Testament context was talking about, we w<\/span>ould discover that it is dealing with the birth of the Messiah. The point of Micah 5:2<\/a> is that, when the Messiah is born, He will be born in the town of Bethlehem in the region of Judah and nowhere el<\/span>se, not the Bethlehem of Galilee, and not any other town in Judah. That is the literal meaning, the literal interpretation, of Micah 5:2<\/a>. The Messiah, when He is born, will be born in the town of Beth<\/span>lehem, within the tribal territory of Judah.<\/p>\n

In the New Testament, there is a literal fulfillment of that literal prophecy. When Yeshua (Jesus) was born as the Messiah, He was born in the town of Beth<\/span>lehem, and no other town in the tribal region of Judah. Furthermore, He was born in Bethlehem of Judah, not Bethlehem of Galilee. This was a literal fulfillment of Micah 5:2<\/a>: it is literal prophecy pl<\/span>us literal fulfillment. The prophecy makes only one point. When it is fulfilled in the New Testament in a perfect way, the New Testament quotes the Old Testament.<\/p>\n

Another example of this first categor<\/span>y is in Matthew 1:22\u201323<\/a>: Now all this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring fort<\/em><\/span>h a son, And they shall call his name Immanuel; which is, being interpreted, God with us.<\/em><\/p>\n

This is a quotation of Isaiah 7:14<\/a>. The context of Isaiah 7:14<\/a> is predicting that, when the Messiah is born, H<\/span>e will be born of a virgin. That is the literal meaning of Isaiah 7:14<\/a>. In the New Testament, there is a literal fulfillment of the literal prophecy, and so the passage is quoted by the New Testament.<\/span><\/p>\n

Other examples of the first category are found in Matthew 3:3<\/a>, which quotes Isaiah 40:3<\/a>, and Mark 1:2<\/a>, which quotes Malachi 3:1<\/a>. Both the Isaiah and Malachi passages predicted that, before the Messia<\/span>h is made known, He will be preceded by a forerunner. A forerunner will appear and announce the soon-coming of the King. This literal prophecy was fulfilled in a literal way by John the Baptist and so, for that reason, the verses in Isaiah and Malachi were quoted by Matth<\/span>ew, Mark, and Luke.<\/p>\n

Another example is Luke 4:18\u201319<\/a>, which quotes Isaiah 61:1\u20132<\/a>. Looking at the context in the Isaiah account, y<\/span>ou will quickly note that it is speaking of the nature and style of ministry that the Messiah was to have at His First Coming. In Luke, Yeshua was literally fulfilling that prophecy, so it is quoted.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Another example is Matthew 4:13\u201316<\/a>, which quotes Isaiah 8:22\u20139:2<\/a>. If you look at the context of that prophecy, it is speaking of the ministry of the Messiah, whose major area of ministry will be withi<\/span>n the tribal territories of Zebulun and Naphtali. This is the literal prophecy of Isaiah 9:1\u20132<\/a>. In the New Testament, Jesus ministered primarily in these two tribal territories. Nazareth was within th<\/span>e tribal territory of Zebulun and Capernaum was within the tribal territory of Naphtali. He grew up in the tribal territory of Zebulun and was headquartered in the tribal territory of Naphtali. In this way, the prophecy was literally fulfilled.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another example of this first category is Matthew 21:5<\/a>, which quotes Zechariah 9:9<\/a>. The context of Zechariah 9:9<\/a> speaks about the Messiah\u2019s riding into Jer<\/span>usalem upon an ass, or a donkey. In His Triumphal Entry, when Yeshua rode into Jerusalem on that type of an animal, that prophecy was literally fulfilled. Therefore, it is quoted by the New Testament.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another example is John 12:38\u201340<\/a>, which quotes Isaiah 53:1<\/a>. Isaiah 53:1<\/a> clearly prophesies that, when the Messiah comes, He is going to be rejected by His own people. When Yeshua was rejected by Isra<\/span>el, that was a literal fulfillment of that particular prophecy. It is a quote which falls into the first category of a literal prophecy plus a literal fulfillment.<\/p>\n

Another example of this first catego<\/span>ry of prophecy is to be found within the context of the death of the Messiah. In the context of the Crucifixion, John 19:24<\/a> states: They said therefore one to another, Let us not rend it, but cast lot<\/em><\/span>s for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled, which says, They parted my garments among them, And upon my vesture did they cast lots.<\/em><\/p>\n

John quoted Psalm 22:18<\/a>, and the context of <\/span>that verse speaks of the death of the Messiah. Part of the death scene is that His clothing will be taken away from Him and the tormentors will gamble for His clothes. That is the literal meaning of the prophecy of <\/span>Psalm 22:18<\/a>. In the New Testament, there is a literal fulfillment of this particular prophecy. When the Roman soldiers gambled for the clothing of Jesus, they fulfilled the prophecy. Fo<\/span>r that reason, John quoted that prophecy in this particular passage.<\/p>\n

Closely related is another quotation, which is found in Matthew 27:46<\/a>: And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, sayi<\/em><\/span>ng, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is, My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?<\/em><\/p>\n

Here, Matthew quoted Psalm 22:1<\/a>. The context of Psalm 22:1<\/a> is speaking about the sufferings of the Messiah and the de<\/span>ath of the Messiah. During His sufferings, He was to cry: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?<\/em> When Jesus cried this, it was a direct fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecy, and for that reaso<\/span>n it was quoted in this New Testament passage.<\/p>\n

This is the first category of New Testament quotations of the Old Testament: literal prophecy plus literal fulfillment. In these cases, the Old Testament<\/span> literally speaks of a specific event in the future. When that specific event is fulfilled in the context of the New Testament, the New Testament quotes that particular prophecy as a point-by-point fulfillment. Many of the quotations of the Old Testament fall into this category in the New Testament.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>B. Literal Plus Typical<\/p>\n

The second category of quotations can be labeled \u201cliteral plus typical.\u201d An example of this category is found in Matthew 2:15<\/a>: \u2026 and <\/em>was there until the death of Herod: that it<\/em><\/span> might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt did I call my son.<\/em><\/p>\n

If we were to go back to the context of Hosea 11:1<\/a>, which is what this passage is quoting,<\/span> we discover that it is not even a prophecy; it is speaking of a literal historical event, which was the Exodus. That is, Hosea 11:1<\/a> is dealing with the Exodus. The background to Hosea 11:1<\/a> is Exodus <\/span>4:22\u201323<\/a>. Israel as a nation is the son of God: Israel is my son, my first-born.<\/em> When God brought Israel out of Egypt, it is pictured by Hosea 11:1<\/a> as God bringing His son out of the land of Egypt. Tha<\/span>t is the literal meaning of Hosea 11:1<\/a>. It is an historical verse, dealing with an historical event, the Exodus.<\/p>\n

However, the literal Old Testament event becomes a type of a New Testament event. Now, <\/span>there is a more ideal Son of God, the individual Son of God, the Messianic Son of God, the Messiah Himself. When Yeshua as a babe was brought out of the land of Egypt, God was again bringing His Son out of Egypt. This is a type and anti-type. The type was Israel, the national son coming<\/span> out of Egypt. The anti-type is the Messianic Son of God also coming out of Egypt. This is an example of the second category: literal plus typical.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another example of the literal plus typical category of quotation is Matthew 15:7\u20139<\/a>: Ye hypocrites, well did Isaiah prophesy of you, saying, This people honors me wi<\/em><\/span>th their lips; But their heart is far from me. But in vain do they worship me, Teaching as their doctrines the precepts of men.<\/em><\/p>\n

Matthew 15:7\u20139<\/a> contains a quotation of Isaiah 29:13<\/a>. The context of Isai<\/span>ah 29:13<\/a> is speaking of an historical event when the people were rejecting the prophetic word of Isaiah the Prophet. Israel\u2019s rejection of the prophetic word of the prophet becomes a type of Israel\u2019s <\/span>rejection of the prophetic word of the Messiah, and so the Old Testament is quoted.<\/p>\n

Another example is John 12:39\u201340<\/a>: For this cause they could not believe, for that Isaiah said again, He has blinded <\/em><\/span>their eyes, and he hardened their heart; Lest they should see with their eyes, and perceive with their heart, And should turn, And I should heal them.<\/em><\/p>\n

Here, John quoted Isaiah 6:10<\/a>, which in context s<\/span>tates that the prophetic message of Isaiah the Prophet will be rejected by his own people. Again, Israel\u2019s rejection of the prophetic word of Isaiah the Prophet now becomes a type of the rejection of the prophetic word o<\/span>f the Messiah. For that reason, the Old Testament verse is quoted in this particular situation.<\/p>\n

Another example in this category is found in Matthew 21:42<\/a>: Jesus said unto them, Di<\/em><\/span>d ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, The same was made the head of the corner; This was from the Lord, And it is marvellous in our eyes?<\/em><\/p>\n

This passage quotes Psalm <\/span>118:22\u201323<\/a>. In the context of that Psalm account, the point that is made is that a stone which the builders did not know what to do with was rejected or set aside. Later, when they finished the buildin<\/span>g, they realized that it was the \u201ctop\u201d stone, the \u201cchief\u201d stone, the head of the corner.<\/em> That is the literal meaning of Psalm 118:22\u201323<\/a>. The rejection of the stone and the acceptance of the stone beco<\/span>mes a type of Israel\u2019s rejection of the Messiahship of Jesus and later their acceptance of His Messiahship.<\/p>\n

One more example of the literal plus typical category of quotation is in John 19:36<\/a>: For the<\/em><\/span>se things came to pass, that the scripture might be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken.<\/em><\/p>\n

Here, John quoted Exodus 12:46<\/a>. In the context of Exodus 12:46<\/a>, Moses was dealing with an historical e<\/span>vent that had to do with the Passover lamb that would save the Jews from the last plague. In the process of slaughtering the lamb, and then roasting and eating the lamb, the instruction was that \u201cnot a bone of this Passover lamb was to be b<\/span>roken.\u201d The Passover lamb is a type of the Messiah, who is the Messiah, our Passover (1 Cor. 5:7<\/a>). During the process of His death by means of crucifixion, whil<\/span>e the bones of the others who were being crucified with Him were broken, the bones of this One were not broken. This was a fulfillment in a typical sense, not in a literal, prophetic sense.<\/p>\n

This is in<\/span> the second category: literal plus typical. The literal meaning deals with an historical event, not a prophetic event. However, that historical event becomes a type of a New Testament event, and therefore it is<\/span> quoted in that way.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>C. Literal Plus Application<\/p>\n

The third category is \u201cliteral plus application.\u201d An example of this category is in Matthew 2:17\u201318<\/a>: Then was fulfilled that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet, <\/em><\/span>saying, A voice was heard in Ramah, Weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children; And she would not be comforted, because they are not.<\/em><\/p>\n

This time, Matthew quotes Jeremiah 31:15<\/a>, the con<\/span>text of which speaks about Babylonian Captivity. The picture is that, as the captivity was starting, the Babylonians would gather all the young Jewish men together at a specific meeting-place. They would then <\/span>begin marching these young sons away to Babylon. On the way, they went by the town of Ramah, which was near where Rachel was buried. In the Old Testament, Rachel became a symbol of Jewish motherhood, so as the young Jewish men were being taken away into captivity, Jewish mothers began crying after them, and weeping after them. They were weeping for sons they would never see again. Jeremiah pictured this as<\/span>: <\/span>Rachel weeping for her children; And she would not be comforted, because they are not.<\/em> Rachel weeping, symbolized Jewish mothers weeping, and they were weeping because their sons w<\/span>ere being taken away from them. They were weeping for sons they would never see again. This is the literal meaning of Jeremiah 31:15<\/a>: Jewish mothers weeping for sons they would never see again.<\/p>\n

Becaus<\/span>e of one simple point of similarity, that verse is quoted in the New Testament. It is not a literal fulfillment, nor a full-scale typology, but simply an application because of some point of similarity. In <\/span>this case, the one point of similarity was Jewish mothers weeping for sons they will never see again, because Herod has slaughtered all the males of Bethlehem from two years of age and under. Jewish mothers were weeping for these sons. So, because of one point of similarity, the New Testament quotes the Old Testament as an application only.<\/span><\/p>\n

English idiomatic expressions do the same thing. Fo<\/span>r example, we sometimes say, \u201cHe met his Waterloo.\u201d What do we mean by that? We do not mean that the man went to Waterloo in Belgium and got defeated in a battle. But it does go back to an historical event. That historical event had to do with Napoleo<\/span>n, who had ambitions to build an empire, and those rising ambitions finally collapsed at the Battle of Waterloo, when he was defeated by enemy forces. Because of one point of similarity\u2014defeat of an ambition\u2014we often use that figure of a man who is rising to power because of ambition, then suddenly something happens and his whole kingdom collapses. We say, \u201cHe met his Waterloo.\u201d Not that he went to Belgium and fought a war; rather, his ambitions w<\/span>ere suddenly wiped out because of a climactic event in his life. It is that one point of similarity by which we use the figure of speech, \u201cHe met his Waterloo.\u201d By the same usage, the New Testament, because of one point of similarity, will often quote the Old Testament.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Another example of this sam<\/span>e category of quotation, literal plus application, is found in Acts 2:16\u201321<\/a>: \u2026 but this is that which has been spoken through the prophet Joel: And it shall be in the last days, says God, I will pour <\/em><\/span>forth of my Spirit upon all flesh: And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, And your young men shall see visions, And your old men shall dream dreams: Yea and on my servants and on my handmaidens in those days Will I pour forth of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy. And I will show wonders in the heaven above, And<\/em><\/span> signs on the earth beneath; Blood, and fire, and vapor of smoke: The sun shall be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the day of the Lord come, That great and notable day: And it shall be, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In <\/span>this passage, Peter quoted Joel 2:28\u201332<\/a>. The context of Joel 2:28\u201332<\/a> is not speaking of what is happening in Acts 2<\/a>. In that context, it is speaking of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the whole<\/span> nation of Israel, causing the whole nation of Israel to be saved in preparation for the establishment of the Messianic Kingdom, spoken of in the next chapter, Joel 3<\/a>. The literal meaning of the Joel <\/span>passage is in reference to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the whole nation of Israel, resulting in Israel\u2019s national salvation in preparation for the Messianic Kingdom.<\/p>\n

Nothing predicted by Jo<\/span>el 2<\/a> happened in Acts 2<\/a>, and what did happen in Acts 2<\/a> is not even mentioned in Joel 2<\/a>. For example, in verse 17<\/a> Joel spoke about the pouring out of the Spirit upon all Jewish flesh, which did not hap<\/span>pen in the Book of Acts. Joel spoke about \u201cthe sons and daughters of Israel prophesying, the young men seeing visions and the old men dreaming dreams.\u201d None of that happened in Acts 2<\/a>. No one did any <\/span>prophesying, the young men did not see visions, and old men did not dream dreams. None of these are mentioned in the context of Acts 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, in verse 18<\/a> the servants of the Jewish people were <\/span>to experience these same things, and there were no servants involved in the context of Acts 2<\/a> to experience these things. Joel spoke of \u201cclimactic events in the heaven and on earth: blood, fire, pilla<\/span>rs of smoke; with the sun turning into darkness, and the moon into blood.\u201d Yet none of these things happened in the context of Acts 2<\/a>. What did happen in the context of Acts 2<\/a> was a manifestation of t<\/span>he Spirit, resulting in the speaking of tongues. Yet Joel did not mention the gift of tongues whatsoever. Again, nothing that Joel 2<\/a> prophesied happened in Acts 2<\/a>, and what did happen in Acts 2<\/a> was no<\/span>t mentioned in the prophecy of Joel 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

What we have here is the third category: literal plus application. The literal meaning of the Joel passage speaks of Israel\u2019s national salvation, when the Holy S<\/span>pirit will be poured out on all Israel, resulting in Israel\u2019s national salvation in preparation for the Messianic Kingdom. Of course, that did not happen in the Book of Acts, but there was one point of similarity. Because of that one point of similarity, the passage was quoted; not as a point of fulfillment, but as an application.<\/span><\/p>\n

That one point of similarity is an outpouring of the Holy Spirit, r<\/span>esulting in a unique manifestation. In Joel, the Holy Spirit will some day be poured out upon the whole nation of Israel, resulting in some unique manifestations. In Acts 2<\/a>, the Spirit was poured out <\/span>upon twelve, or one hundred twenty at the most, resulting in a unique manifestation, which in that case was speaking in tongues. The one point of similarity was an outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Because of that one point of simi<\/span>larity, the New Testament quoted the Old Testament passage as an application.<\/p>\n

Acts 2<\/a> did not fulfill Joel 2<\/a> because, again, nothing that Joel prophesied actually happened i<\/span>n Acts 2<\/a>. What did happen in Acts 2<\/a> was not even spoken of by Joel, because Joel did not mention the gift of tongues. So, because of one point of similarity, the Old Testament has quoted by the New Te<\/span>stament as an application.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/span>D. Summation<\/p>\n

The fourth category is \u201csummation\u201d or \u201csummary.\u201d The example of the fourth category is found in Matthew 2:23<\/a>.\u2026 and came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled whi<\/em><\/span>ch was spoken through the <\/em>prophets, that he should be called a Nazarene.<\/em><\/p>\n

The specific quotation seems to be: that he should be called a Nazarene.<\/em> Try as you may, you will never find a single prophecy <\/span>that states: that he should be called a Nazarene. People have tried to connect this somehow with Isaiah 11:1<\/a>, but that connection is very far-fetched. Yet, Matthew 2:23<\/a> uses the plural term prophets, <\/span>but there is not even a single prophecy.<\/p>\n

The fourth category does not have a direct quotation from the Old Testament, but a summary of what the Old Testament taught. The clue is when the word \u201cprophet<\/span>\u201d is used in the plural, as it is used here. In the first three categories, the word \u201cprophet\u201d is, in most cases, used in the singular. In the fourth category, it is used in the plural: spoken through<\/em><\/span> the prophets.<\/em> The author is not quoting, but is summarizing what the prophets said. In this case, the prophets said that he should be called a Nazarene.<\/p>\n

What was a Nazarene? A Nazarene was someone wh<\/span>o was despised and rejected. This attitude is reflected in John 1:45\u201346<\/a>: Philip finds Nathanael, and said unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote, Jesus of Nazar<\/em><\/span>eth, the son of Joseph. And Nathanael said unto him, Can any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip said unto him, Come and see.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nathanael\u2019s question: Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?<\/em> is refl<\/span>ecting the negative viewpoint people had of Nazarenes. People who were Nazarenes were people who were despised and rejected. And what did the prophets say about the Messiah? The prophets did predict that the <\/span>Messiah would be a despised and rejected individual, and this is encapsulated by the term \u201cNazarene.\u201d If you called someone a \u201cNazarene\u201d in those days, he was despised and rejected. The Messiah would be a despised and rejected individual. That is a summation; not a quotation as such, but a summary.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another example of summation is Luke 18:31\u201333<\/a>: And he took unto him the twelve, and said unt<\/em><\/span>o them, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and all the things that are written through the prophets shall be accomplished unto the Son of man. For he shall be delivered up unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked, and shamefully treated, and spit upon<\/em><\/span>: and they shall scourge and kill him: and the third day he shall rise again.<\/em><\/p>\n

Again, note the use of the plural word, prophets. What the prophets said abou<\/span>t the Messiah included nine things: the Messiah will go to Jerusalem; He will fall into the hands of Priests and Scribes; the Jewish people will condemn Him to death; the Jewish people will turn Him over to the Gentiles; the Gentiles will mock Him; the Gentiles will spit on Hi<\/span>m; the Gentiles will scourge Him; the Gentiles will kill Him; and He will be resurrected on the third day. Yet not one prophet said all this. No such quotation exists anywhere in the Prophets. However, the prophets taken together did say all that, so this is not a quotation, but a summary.<\/span><\/p>\n

One more example of the summatio<\/span>n category is Matthew 26:54\u201356<\/a>: How then should the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be? In that hour said Jesus to the multitudes, Are ye come out as against a robber with swords and staves<\/em><\/span> to seize me? I sat daily in the temple teaching, and ye took me not. But all this is come to pass, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples left him, and fled.<\/em><\/p>\n

A<\/span>lthough Yeshua taught them in clear language, taught them within the Temple Compound, yet they have rejected Him. This rejection is now obvious in that they are in the Garden of Gethsemane, ready to ar<\/span>rest Him. He said, \u201call this has come to pass, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled.\u201d No single prophet prophesied what was happening there in the words that Jesus used. But the prophets together did say that the Messiah would be rejected; He would be arrested, and undergo an illegal trial. Just one passage alone, <\/span>Isaiah 53<\/a>, is a good example of this. Yeshua is not quoting a spe<\/span>cific prophecy, but is summarizing what the prophets said. In summary, the prophets certainly did teach what Jesus is saying here. Again, this is the fourth category: summation.<\/p>\n

An example here from r<\/span>abbinic writings is Midrash Rabbah 63:11: \u201cHence it is written as in the verse, And I will no more make you a reproach of famine among the nations.\u201d The footnote states that there is no verse that rea<\/em><\/span>ds exactly like this. This is a combination of <\/em>Joel 1:19<\/em><\/a> and <\/em>Ezekiel 36:30<\/em><\/a>. Hence, it is a summation, not a quotation.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are four categories by which the New Testament quotes the Old Testament. To determine into which category a quotation falls, one must first go back to the Old Testament and look at the context of the original quotation. Once we know what it says in its own context, then we go to the New Testament. If it is a point-for-point literal fulfillment, then it is literal prophecy plus literal fulfillment. If it is using an Old Testament historical account as a type, then it is literal plus typical. If there is only one point of similarity between what is happening in the Old Testament context and what is happening in the New Testament context, then it is literal plus application. If you do not find any quote in the Old Testament, then assume it is merely a summary. Every quotation of the Old Testament in the New Testament will always fit into one of these four categories. The New Testament is very consistent in the way it quotes the Old Testament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Now all this is come to pass, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, Matthew 1:22 Introduction Anyone who has read through the New Testament soon realizes that it frequently quotes the Old Testament and quotes it in various ways. Sometimes, because the context of the Old Testament … <\/p>\n

\u201eHow the New Testament Quotes the Old Testament\u201c <\/span>weiterlesen<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allgemein"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1406"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1407,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1406\/revisions\/1407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/buch.jehovah-shammah.de\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}